Thursday, December 26, 2019

Teaching With A Reformed Worldview - 1159 Words

Please provide succinct answers to the following questions: (separate page is requested) 1. What does teaching with a Reformed worldview mean to you? Teaching with a reformed worldview means that I am sharing God’s love to children. As a Christian teacher, I find a great joy sharing stories about Jesus and talking about God to the young children. I learned so much by working with children and I often think about how my faith should resemble children s faith towards God. Christian Education provides opportunity to show the beauty of the world that we are living and the pleasure of exploring the creation of God. Children grow mentally, spiritually, emotionally and physically in Christ. My passion is to teach children so that they can have a Christian world view based on the Bible, to think and act like the Scripture teach. I believe that teachers have been given a special opportunity: to touch lives. 2. What aspect of your professional training/experience has prepared you the most to be a kindergarten teacher? My student teaching experience in Dutton Christian as a student teacher has equipped me to teach in the kindergarten setting. I love working with young children because they are in their years of greatest curiosity. Also, I have taught kindergarten in the summer. Kindergarten teachers can bring joy and beauty, mystery and delight into the hearts of little people. 3. How would you prepare students in your 3-day kindergarten class to be ready for 1st grade?Show MoreRelatedPuritanism, Romanticism And Transcendentalism In The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne983 Words   |  4 Pages Although Puritanism, Romanticism and Transcendentalism do not coexist peacefully, these almost worldview kind of people groups are deeply embedded into three fictional characters from the book, The Scarlet Letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. This enthralling and rich classic which takes place in Boston Massachusetts during the time of Puritanism gives the reader not only a taste of the Puritans and their staunch attitude, but also of a less common way of thinking andRead MoreJesus Is Jesus The Only Savior?1123 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis Many today struggle with the Christian teaching that the only way to salvation is through faith in Jesus Christ. There are a variety of alternatives offered, notably pluralism and inclusivism. In the second half of his book Is Jesus the Only Savior? Dr. Ronald Nash addresses the teaching of inclusivism, comparing its claims with the claims of orthodox Christianity and evaluating the merits of those claims. It is the purpose of this analysis to evaluate his rebuttal of inclusivism as presentedRead MoreThe Christian s Acts Of Faith2105 Words   |  9 Pagesindividual. Plantinga has set out the essentials for what has come to be known as Reformed Epistemology; rejecting the notion that as a result of rational thinking, or a rational noetic structure, by natural theology, one can come to the conclusion that God exist. Therefore God’s existence would be bound by the strength of rational thought that can be influenced and criticized by those outside the Christian worldview. Instead Reformed Epistemology makes a case for weak foundationalism; finite mental capacityRead MorePresuppositional Apologetics: The Moral Argument for the Existence of God2177 Words   |  9 PagesA Christian apologetic method is a verbal defense of the biblical worldview. A proof is giving a reason for why we believe. This paper will address the philosophical question of God’s existence from the moral argument. The presuppositional apologetic method of Reformed thinkers Cornelius Van Til and John Frame will be the framework. Topics covered here could undoubtedly be developed in more depth, but that would be getting ahead, here is the big picture. Apologetics comes from theRead MoreDifferences Between Calvinism And Arminianism1298 Words   |  6 Pageson some levels at least, to be right. The question that can be answered from a comparison of these two views is this: What are the basic differences between Calvinism and Arminianism, as well as, their relation to theology, biblical evidence and worldviews? This research paper covers the five key points or articles of Calvinism and Arminianism, as well as, the history, view of God and biblical evidence or support for each position. History The history of Calvinism and Arminianism dates back to theRead MoreHinduism : A Model For Religious Toleration Essay2153 Words   |  9 Pagesthroughout history. Buddhism, for instance, is a reformed, sub-religion of Hinduism that was created by those unsatisfied with the direction of the Hindu faith at the time. Determined to stay relevant during this realignment, the Hindu religion then incorporated many of the basic ideals and practices of Buddhism into its own, once again securing its status as the majority religion within India. This paper will first analyze the basic structure and worldview of the Hindu faith and how that contributesRead MoreThe Bible Is Not A Book Of Religion3325 Words   |  14 Pagesanswer, â€Å"Through scripture, God was equipping His people to serve His purposes.† (p. 35). By â€Å"equipping† Wright clarifies it was through scripture that Israel: a) was given their national identity; b) came to know God intimately; c) received godly teachings for daily living; d) were formed and directed through benediction or malediction when they obeyed or disobeyed God; and e) could commune with God. Wright also asserts that although God is transcendent over all creation, He is very intricately involvedRead MoreInvestigating Racism Essay4496 Words   |  18 Pagesshatter and destroy many peoples lives and I believe that more people should be made aware of this important and controversial issue. I plan to address the nature, different types and reasons for racism, and also describe the teachings of Christianity, including how Christians have not always had a very good record in the history of racism. I am going to address the idea of Christian beliefs being put into action, exploring why Christians believe that fighting against Read MoreComparing Confucianism and Islam2958 Words   |  12 Pages Although Islam and Confucianism represent two totally different worldviews, they have similar characteristics, which provide a potential idea, that both can be from a common source. Mirza Tahir Ahmad, who was a Caliph in Ahmadiyya Muslim community, supported this idea in his book â€Å"Revelation, Nationality, Knowledge Truth†. He supports his idea saying, â€Å"All humans are God’s creation; it stands to reason that God not only guided people in the Middle East through Abrahamic prophets. He also guidedRead MoreArmy Essay2595 Words   |  11 PagesVALNERABLE TO CRITISISM. 2: IT LED TO THE CHURCH REFORM ALONG TO LUTHERS TEACHINGS, WHICH MANY CITIES PASSED LAWS PROHIBITING ROMAN CATHOLIC OBSERVANCES AND REQUIRING RELIGIOUS SERVICES TO FOLLOW PROTESTANT DOCTRINE AND PROCEDURE. 3) Learn about the Scientific Revolution and 1:why the early discoveries of the Scientific Revolution met with such resistance? 2: In what ways did these discoveries destroy an old worldview and create a new one? (Class notes and Bentley Zeigler, Chap. 23) 1: Copernicus’s

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI Essay - 550 Words

The mission and values of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is up held with strong Constitutional values. Over the years since the FBI was created in 1908 by Attorney General Charles Bonaparte during the Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt. As a progressive during this time period Bonaparte applied his philosophy to forming the FBI with several corps of agents. His thought was that these men should have expertise and not political connections. With the U.S. Constitution based on â€Å"federalism† a national government with jurisdiction over matters that cross boundaries, such as interstate and foreign affairs. With this over the years the FBI has been given a large amount of authority to serve and protect. Doing so the FBI has been†¦show more content†¦All under the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In the Domestic Terrorism Program the FBI is the lead federal enforcement agency. Watching over the fight against terrorism in the United States. The Terrorism Program investigates any threats involving atomic energy, weapons of mass destruction, sabotage, hostage-taking and civil unrest. The FBI has a National Foreign Intelligence which overseas the U.S. Intelligence Community. Its task is preventing foreign espionage, and espionage on the U.S. economy. Investigating counterintelligence cases within the United States borders. The National Foreign Intelligence Program prevents foreign espionage with investigating foreign cases within the U.S. borders. Also the Intelligence Program is involved with threats, weapons in mass destruction, including the nation’s critical infrastructures such as communications, banking systems, and transportation systems. The other areas of the FBI include the areas of Violent Crimes, and White Collar Crimes. These two areas work right next to each other. Violent Crimes division takes on cases of kidnapping, sexual exploitation, bank robbery, and consumer product tampering. One of the Violent Crimes Programs major areas is dealing with a threat of assault or actual assaults on the President, Vice President, or Members of Congress. Where the White Collar Crimes Program focus is on money laundering, bank fraud, public corruption, andShow MoreRelatedFederal Bureau Of Investigation ( Fbi ) Essay903 Words   |  4 PagesThe Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the local insight and security administration of the United States, which all the while serves as the country s prime government law implementation organization. Working under the ward of the U.S. Bureau of Justice, the FBI is simultaneously an individual from the U.S. Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Direc tor of National Intelligence. A main U.S. counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigativeRead MoreFederal Bureau Of Investigation ( Fbi ) Defines Terrorism1693 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The federal bureau of investigation (FBI) defines terrorism as the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, and/or any segment thereof. If one makes the argument that BLM is a terrorist group the ideology of the movement must fit within the framework stated above. First, BLM stands for â€Å"Black Lives Matter†. It, in itself is nothing more than a concept about which all else revolves. It is true, theRead MoreArgument1501 Words   |  7 PagesArgument The Need for the FBI Over the years, the FBI has grown from a small bureau into a service that not only the nation needs, but also the world. It has helped in many significant cases throughout history, such as Al Capone, the Unabomber, Bonnie and Clyde, and without the FBI, would not have been solved or taken care of as easily (â€Å"Famous Cases† 1). These have proven to make the environment a better place to live in. The FBI is needed to protect the country’s safety and the well being ofRead MoreThe Mission Of The Fbi997 Words   |  4 Pagesmission of the FBI is to protect and defend the United States against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners. It performs these responsibilities in a way that is responsive to the needs of the public and faithful to the Constitution of the United States. 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Essay1111 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough the investigation of violations of federal criminal law; to protect the U.S. from foreign intelligence and terrorist activities; to provide leadership and law enforcement assistance to federal, state, local, and international agencies; and to perform these responsibilities in a manner that is responsive to the needs of the public and is faithful to the constitution of the U.S.: this is the mission of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The agency now known as the Federal Bureau of InvestigationRead MoreSo You Want to Be a Federal Agent Essay1159 Words   |  5 PagesThe Federal Bureau of Investigation, FBI, is a law enforcement and national security organization. â€Å"The mission of the FBI is to protect and defend the United States against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners† (â€Å"Quick Facts†). There are many different qualifications and requirements to become an FBI SpecialRead MoreThe Federal Bureau Of Investigation Essay885 Words   |  4 PagesThe Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) originated on July 26, 1908, as the Bureau of Investigation by U.S. Attorney General Charles Bonaparte. In 1935 the name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Director Mueller reconstructed the FBI to support the changes the Bureau made â€Å"to meet newly articulated strategic priorities† from 2001 to 2013 (Brief History).On September 4, 2013, James B. Comey was sworn in as the seventh Director of the FBI. The main focus of the Federal Bureau of

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Governance of PII Data-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Develop an outline plan for the Governance of PII data and digital identities for users of the MyLicence portal. Answer: Introduction The report discusses about the personal identification information or PII and the protection of the personal data by Department of Administrative service or DAS that aims at providing different types of services to the state government of Australia (Al-Fedaghi Al-Azmi, 2012). PII or personally identified information are the data that are used for identifying a specific individual potentially. Any type of informations that are used for distinguishing someone from the other person can be considered as an PII. There are two types of PII sensitive and non-sensitive. Sensitive PII includes the data which when exposed can cause serious massacre and can harm an individual.so the sensitive data should be encrypted so as to protect the data. Non-sensitive data are those which can be easily gathered and does not harm anyone. Digital identity refers to the information of an entity used the computer system to represent it to the external agent. Digital identities help in accessing the computer or the service in an automated way. This report is going to discuss about the governing plans required for the PII and digital identity that is to be adopted by Department of Administrative Services (DAS). This type of services are mainly aiming at putting emphasis on the certain sections of the organization. With respect to the changes in the government policies, the main of DAS is to put emphasis on the use of shared services (Chakravorty, Wlodarczyk Rong, 2013). Which in terms highlight the facts of DAS that id focusing on the process of creating a centralized service system which can help the government. Collection of the data by the various service providers need to be done from the centralized data of DAS (Theoharidou, Mylonas Gitzalis, 2012). This is related to the application of SaaS HR, personnel management suite, SaaS contractor management suite, Cots payroll solution in the AWS cloud. Government has taken the decision of using the MyLicense portal for the purpose of renewing the licenses. It helps the government to retain a track of the different kind of licenses individual citizen is having (Bryant, 2013). Certain plans have been introduced by the government for the purpose registering on My license portal and for the purpose of creating their own informal digital identity (Cavoukian Jonas, 2012). The use of data stored in database for the purpose of making better plans and taking decisions by the different government bodies and public agencies (Venkatanathan et al., 2013). The different important topics like the assessment of the threats and risk related to personally identifiable information data on the MyLicense portal considering the privacy and data protection with the solutions like control of the risk, adopting different Plans for controlling the informal digital identity, privacy and data protection that are part of the digital identity that has been discussed (Barocas Nissenbaum, 2014). Privacy and Data protection Protection of Informal Digital identity Three components are included in the informal digital identity and they are identification or registration, authentication and authorization (Chen Zhao, 2012). The process which helps to get a digital identity is known as Identification or registration. Authentication process is the process of verification of different aspects related to someones identity (Barocas Nissenbaum, 2014). Authorization allows a user to make use of the digital identity for the purpose of identification in different electronic transaction and online form fill up in the license website. Identification also includes four different parts and they are self-asserted, direct, third party and detailed direct (Chen Zhao, 2012). Self-asserted is the process in which the user uses self-assertion of his own identity and the third party dose not perform any type of verification. (Danezis et al., 2015). Verification is done by the Third and a good sample is validating the outputs of the telecomm company (Bryant, 2013) . Authentication can be described as the security process that allows the user by the process of one factor authentication, two factor authentication and three factor authentication (Al-Fedaghi Al-Azmi, 2012). The most commonly used authentication is the One factor authentication which uses a combination of user and password (Ferrari, 2013). The more secure process is the Two factor authentication which consist of a combination of certificates that are digital, a fingerprint or passcode (Li et al., 2014). Three factor authentication is the process which includes the all other authentication processes (Lin et al., 2012). Outline plan The main aim of creating a plan for governance is for the purpose of checking and approving the different procedures that are needed for managing and administrating the projects. (KoninG et al., 2014). For creating a proper governance plan it is necessary to take assistance from both the procedural and documentation (Theoharidou, Mylonas Gritzalis, 2012). The governance plan of a project consists of 4 goals. The goals are promotion of the various things like consistency, productivity and what the stakeholders expect (Haimes,2015). By taking help from the predefined practices it is possible to produce the proper deliverables. (Venkatanathan et al., 2013). Stakeholders can be empowered with different flexible techniques and practices. For the purpose of executing the various decisions in the project, Governance can act as a key factor. This in term consists of the practices, steps, strategies. Project governance can also be defines as the people and purpose driven process (Song et al., 2012). Governing of the projects are done by the authorized boby only and proper responsibility should be taken for performing various processes (Haimes,2015). Four steps are included in the proper creation of the governance plan (KoninG et al., 2014). The four steps include nimble and flexible, clean and concise consistency, explain and justify and accept and approve. There should remain a flexibility in the format of the governance plan for the purpose of accounting according to the different sizes of project (Theoharidou, Mylonas Gritzalis, 2012). Which is initially related to the fact of smaller, less complex project which may or may not require the similar governance planning as that of the large, complex projects. Content of governance plan are required to be provided in the procedure that is planned and necessary justification should be provided according to the different terms of inclusion and exclusion (Haimes,2015). Personal data and PII data for DAS users A certain number of things can be done in the process of dealing with personal identifiable information by the using some different types of standards and procedure for the purpose of protecting the data that are personal (Cavoukian Jonas, 2012). The duty of developer is not to provide any type of sensitive data in the different programs (Barocas Nissenbaum, 2014). Privacy and security issues are also ensured before the production (Chakravorty, Wlodarczyk Rong, 2013). the user should be very much aware of the imposters. The user must be sure about the fact that who is able to get the financial or the personal details. User must not share the personal information of the portal with someone by means of anything unless and until the user is sure or know about the person they are dealing with. Whenever someone asks for the details of the account the user must contact the customer service via the official website provided in the official website of DAS. Few things that are to be consid ered are Where is the PII data of the user kept? Who are responsible for that data? Who are able to access the data? With whom the company can share the data stored? It is certain that the user has seen the notifications that are coming from the credit cards or any other mailed statements about how they will and will not share your PII data. The user might be asked if they have given the permission to share their PII data. It might not be considered by the user but after that the user might consider. The user should also dispose of the personal data before disposing of the computer. User must ensure that all the data have been cleared before disposing of any device. Encryption must be done by the user before uploading any information into the portal. The user must keep the password private and should use strong passwords. the user must use specific methods of digital identity across the portal which will help the user to know whenever someone else tried to access the portal other th an the user. By the use of single identity monitoring and the process of verification the user is protected from any types of threats. Proper authentication process by the user must be done. PII data and Private data of the user in the HR Personnel Management suite Governance plan makes it easy for the generation of data assets by the PII data and the financial data which provides opportunities for the My License portal, plan and knowledge of the experienced user (Bryant, 2013). Governance data asset can be helpful because the other assets of enterprise like financial security, cash and human resource. Proper methods should be adopted by them for the purpose of protecting the data that they are storing. DAS should look into the matter that all the informations they are storing are encrypted in a proper way. All the methods of verification process should be properly developed by the DAS so that no one is able to access the data rather than the authorized ones. All the sensitive data of the DAS are managed by this section so the requirement for protection is very much high for the user of the users in the HR management suite. The company should follow all the data protection laws for the purpose of minimizing their risk of data loss. The employee s must ensure that they are adopting the best data privacy and protection. They should aim at limiting the collection of the users personal data which they collect, process, transfer and store. They should limit the access to a limited number of user and should also provide training to the employees so as to control their personal data. Governance plan for personal and PII data for DAS of the contractors Data of governance plan is generally inclusive of both the PII and personal data for different contractor which should include various important points like providing ideas for procedure which is used for safeguarding the data containing important information about the various contractors of Australia, sensitive data containing important information must be protected during signing of different contracts, Checking different types of regulation while identification of various omission of identification of DAS in the suite of contractor management. PII data and financial data for users and DAS staff in the COTS payroll suite The plan of governance can easily assist in the PII data and financial information for the creation of assets of data and it also provide and wonderful chance for creation of this license website that is My license portal. Data of governance can be useful like assets like cash, human resource and security in the financial domain. National action plan will help in promoting transparency, corruption fighting, will use the power of new technologies for making the government a bit better. This plan focuses in certain areas like domain of various business across the country, easily accessing different plan of government. Upgradation of this plan mainly has three phase that are creating awareness about it among the citizen, looking for new idea and lastly drafting of this plan. This plan has led to creating awareness in the youth in the year of 2015 and addition consciousness about the given strategy can be easily formed by use of different stages of social media like websites of different government and mailing the notices on the various website. Conclusion The above discussion helps to conclude that the services provided by the department of Administrative service that is DAS of Australian state government provides are HR and personnel management, payroll, contract tendering management. According to the changes in the government policies DAS focuses on the process of implementing of services that are shared which is initially related to facts of DAS centralizing their different services. So the organization has made the decision of using the portal MyLicense for the purpose of renewing the licenses. This also the fact that the government can easily track the types of licenses that the citizens are having. Introduction of new plans by the Government for the process of registering in the portal for the purpose of creating individual new digital identities. This in terms can be used for the purpose of planning and to make better decisions by the government bodies and also the various public agencies. This report consists of the discussion s related to the various threats faced and the ways of mitigating the risks in the portal. Both the privacy and the protection of the PII has been considered by the TRA. There is also a governance plan for the purpose of protecting the data in the website. Along with this other important points like the data that are personal and the PII data for the users of the DAS in the HR personnel management, contractor management suite has been discussed briefly. PII data and data consisting the financial information of the users and the staffs of the DAS in the COTS payroll suite is also discussed in brief. References Al-Fedaghi, S., Al-Azmi, A. A. R. (2012). Experimentation with personal identifiable information.Intelligent Information Management,4(04), 123. Barocas, S., Nissenbaum, H. (2014). Big data's end run around procedural privacy protections.Communications of the ACM,57(11), 31-33. Bryant, T. (2013). UE-COTS at the University of Iowa.Workplace: A Journal for Academic Labor, (7). Cavoukian, A., Jonas, J. (2012).Privacy by design in the age of big data(pp. 1-17). Information and Privacy Commissioner of Ontario, Canada. Chakravorty, A., Wlodarczyk, T., Rong, C. (2013, May). Privacy preserving data analytics for smart homes. InSecurity and Privacy Workshops (SPW), 2013 IEEE(pp. 23-27). IEEE. Chen, D., Zhao, H. (2012, March). Data security and privacy protection issues in cloud computing. InComputer Science and Electronics Engineering (ICCSEE), 2012 International Conference on(Vol. 1, pp. 647-651). IEEE. Danezis, G., Domingo-Ferrer, J., Hansen, M., Hoepman, J. H., Metayer, D. L., Tirtea, R., Schiffner, S. (2015). Privacy and Data Protection by Design-from policy to engineering.arXiv preprint arXiv:1501.03726. Ferrari, A. (2013). DIGCOMP: A framework for developing and understanding digital competence in Europe. Haimes, Y. Y. (2015).Risk modeling, assessment, and management. John Wiley Sons. KoninG, M., KoREnhoF, P., Alpr, G., Hoepman, J. H. (2014). The abc of abc: an analysis of attribute-based credentials in the light of data protection, privacy and identity. Li, Z., Ma, Z., van der Kuijp, T. J., Yuan, Z., Huang, L. (2014). A review of soil heavy metal pollution from mines in China: pollution and health risk assessment.Science of the Total Environment,468, 843-853. Lin, N., Emanuel, K., Oppenheimer, M., Vanmarcke, E. (2012). Physically based assessment of hurricane surge threat under climate change.Nature Climate Change,2(6), 462. Louw, C., von Solms, S. (2013, October). Personally identifiable information leakage through online social networks. InProceedings of the South African Institute for Computer Scientists and Information Technologists Conference(pp. 68-71). ACM. Marwick, A. E., Boyd, D. (2014). Networked privacy: How teenagers negotiate context in social media.New Media Society,16(7), 1051-1067. Monteleone, S. (2012). Privacy and Data Protection at the time of Facial Recognition: towards a new right to Digital Identity?European Journal of Law and Technology,3(3). Smith, C. (Ed.). (2012).Insect colonization and mass production. Elsevier. Song, D., Shi, E., Fischer, I., Shankar, U. (2012). Cloud data protection for the masses.Computer,45(1), 39-45. Theoharidou, M., Mylonas, A., Gritzalis, D. (2012). A risk assessment method for smartphones.Information security and privacy research, 443-456. Venkatanathan, J., Kostakos, V., Karapanos, E., Gonalves, J. (2013). Online Disclosure of Personally Identifiable Information with Strangers: Effects of Public and Private Sharing.Interacting with Computers,26(6), 614-626.

Monday, December 2, 2019

Speech Perception Essays - Phonetics, Speech Perception,

Speech Perception Speech perception is the ability to comprehend speech through listening. Mankind is constantly being bombarded by acoustical energy. The challenge to humanity is to translate this energy into meaningful data. Speech perception is not dependent on the extraction of simple invariant acoustic patterns in the speech waveform. The sounds acoustic pattern is complex and greatly varies. It is dependent upon the preceding and following sounds (Moore, 1997). According to Fant (1973), speech perception is a process consisting of both successive and concurrent identification on a series of progressively more abstract levels of linguistic structure. Nature of Speech Sounds Phonemes are the smallest unit of sound. In any given language words are formed by combining these phonemes. English has approximately 40 different phonemes that are defined in terms of what is perceived, rather than in terms of acoustic patterns. Phonemes are abstract, subjective entities that are often specified in terms of how they are produced. Alone they have no meaning, but in combination they form words (Moore, 1997). In speech there are vowels and consonants. Consonants are produced by constricting the vocal tract at some point along its length. These sounds are classified into different types according to the degree and nature of the constriction. The types are stops, affricates, fricatives, nasals, and approximants. Vowels are usually voiced and are relatively stable over time Moore, 1997). Categorical Perception Categorical perception implies definite identification of the stimuli. The main point in this area is that the listener can only correctly distinguish speech sounds to the extent that they are identified as different phonemes. Small changes to the acoustical signal may make little difference to the way the sound is perceived, yet other changes which are equally as small may produce a distinct change, altering the phoneme identity. People do not hear changes within one phoneme category. Only changes from one phoneme to another phoneme are detected (Lobacz, 1984). Although categorical perception generally is considered to reflect the operation of a special speech decoder, there is a strong indication that categorical perception can also occur in non-speech signals. Musicians are a good example of this. The discrimination performance of musicians was better for frequency changes that revised the identity of the chord than for changes that did not alter the identity (Moore, 1997). Categorical perception is not unique to speech, however it appears more frequently with speech than with non-speech signals. There are three possible explanations for categorical perception. The first explanation suggests that consonants and vowels may be explained in terms of differences in the extent to which the acoustic patterns can be retained in auditory memory. Consonant sounds have a lower intensity than vowels, fluctuate more rapidly, and last for a shorter time than vowels. Therefore, the acoustic patterns of consonants frequently decay rapidly. Another explanation is that boundaries, which separate one speech sound from another, tend to lie at a point where discrimination is optimal. The last explanation is that it comes from experience with a persons own language. In this explanation it is believed that a person learns to attend to acoustic differences that affect the meaning of a word and ignore the differences that do not affect the meaning. The natural consequence of this is categorical perception (Moore, 1997). Brain Specialization Language functions are unilaterally represented in one of the two hemispheres. It is most commonly found in the left hemisphere. Therefore, the right ear will identify speech stimuli better than the left ear. This occurs because the neural pathways cross from the ear to the brain (Studdert-Kennedy and Shankweiler, 1970). Interestingly, the left ear will detect melodies better than the right ear. Speech is more readily decoded in the left hemisphere than in the right cerebral hemisphere. This is evident in people with brain lesions. The left hemisphere plays a primary role in speech perception (Moore, 1997). Speech Mode Speech mode is the perception of the restructured phonemes. If phonemes are encoded syllabically, they must be recovered in perception by a suitable decoder. Liberman (1996) stated that perception of phonemes that have been encoded may be expected to differ from the perception of the phonemes that have not been encoded and from non-speech. For example, the transition cues for /d/ in /di/ and /du/ sound like whistles when